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Gramatika.

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Přítomné časy

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Present Simple (Přítomný prostý)

Pro fakta, zvyky a pravidelné děje.

I/You/We/They + verb | He/She/It + verb(-s)
  • I work every day.
  • She likes apples.
  • He plays football on Sundays.
  • Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
  • My train leaves at 8 AM.
  • Do you live in Prague?
  • We do not eat meat.
  • Birds fly south in winter.
  • The sun rises in the east.
  • Jane often goes to the cinema.
  • How often do you brush your teeth?
  • They drink coffee every morning.

Present Continuous (Přítomný průběhový)

Pro děje probíhající právě teď nebo dočasné situace.

am/is/are + verb(-ing)
  • I am reading a book now.
  • They are playing football.
  • What are you doing?
  • She is crying because she hurt her knee.
  • Look! It is raining outside.
  • We are staying at a hotel this week.
  • Are they having lunch at the moment?
  • I am currently working on a new project.
  • My dog is sleeping on the sofa.
  • He is driving a car to work today.
  • Why is he laughing?
  • The children are drawing pictures.

Present Perfect (Předpřítomný čas)

Pro děje, které začaly v minulosti a mají následek v přítomnosti.

have/has + past participle (3. tvar)
  • I have lost my keys.
  • He has already finished.
  • Have you ever been to Paris?
  • We have lived here for ten years.
  • She hasn't eaten anything since breakfast.
  • I have just seen your brother.
  • They have bought a new house.
  • Has she finished her homework yet?
  • I've never watched that movie.
  • Somebody has broken the window.
  • We have known each other since 2010.
  • It has rained a lot this week.
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Minulé časy

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Past Simple (Minulý prostý)

Pro ukončené děje v minulosti s udaným časem.

verb(-ed) / 2. tvar nepravidelného slovesa
  • I visited London last year.
  • We went to the cinema yesterday.
  • She didn't like the food.
  • Did you see my phone?
  • He bought a new car a week ago.
  • I woke up very early this morning.
  • They played tennis on Saturday.
  • What did you do at the weekend?
  • The movie started at 8 PM.
  • She met him at a party.
  • It rained heavily last night.
  • He lived in Spain in 2015.

Past Continuous (Minulý průběhový)

Pro děje, které v minulosti probíhaly po nějakou dobu.

was/were + verb(-ing)
  • I was sleeping when you called.
  • They were watching TV all evening.
  • What were you doing at 6 PM?
  • It was raining yesterday afternoon.
  • She was reading a book while he was cooking.
  • We were walking in the park when we saw him.
  • I wasn't listening to the teacher.
  • Were they sleeping when the fire alarmed sounded?
  • He was typing an email.
  • The sun was shining.
  • My phone rang while I was taking a shower.
  • You were driving too fast.

Past Perfect (Předminulý čas)

Pro děje, které se staly před jiným dějem v minulosti.

had + past participle (3. tvar)
  • The train had left before I arrived.
  • She had already eaten.
  • I hadn't seen him before that day.
  • By the time we got to the cinema, the film had started.
  • He had lost his wallet, so he couldn't pay.
  • They had known each other for years before they married.
  • Had she finished her homework before she went out?
  • I went to bed after I had finished my work.
  • When we met, I realized I had seen her before.
  • The grass was yellow because it hadn't rained.
  • I asked him why he hadn't called me.
  • Everything had been prepared for the party.
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Budoucí časy

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Will (Budoucí čas prostý)

Pro spontánní rozhodnutí, sliby a předpovědi bez důkazů.

will + verb
  • I will help you.
  • It will rain tomorrow.
  • I think he will win the match.
  • Will you marry me?
  • I'll answer the phone.
  • They won't come to the party.
  • Will it be difficult?
  • I promise I will not tell anyone.
  • Maybe we will stay at home.
  • Don't worry, everything will be alright.
  • In 2050, cars will fly.
  • She will probably arrive late.

Be going to

Pro plány a předpovědi založené na důkazech.

am/is/are + going to + verb
  • I am going to visit my grandma.
  • Look at the clouds! It is going to rain.
  • We are going to buy a new car.
  • Are you going to watch the match tonight?
  • He is not going to work tomorrow.
  • They are going to have a baby.
  • What are you going to wear to the party?
  • I'm going to start a new diet.
  • Watch out! You are going to fall.
  • She is going to study medicine.
  • I'm going to clean my room now.
  • Is he going to invite her?
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Modální slovesa

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Can / Could

Schopnost, možnost, svolení.

can/could + verb
  • I can swim.
  • Could you open the window?
  • Can I have a cup of tea?
  • She can speak four languages.
  • I couldn't sleep last night.
  • He can't drive a car.
  • Could you help me with this?
  • Can you lend me some money?
  • They couldn't find the address.
  • Can we leave now?
  • I can see the mountains from here.
  • When I was young, I could run very fast.

Must / Have to

Povinnost, nutnost.

must + verb | have/has to + verb
  • I must go home.
  • Do you have to work tomorrow?
  • You must wear a seatbelt.
  • She has to pass the exam.
  • We don't have to get up early on Sunday.
  • You mustn't smoke here.
  • I have to visit the dentist.
  • Must you make so much noise?
  • He had to leave early yesterday.
  • You must be very tired.
  • Does she have to pay for this?
  • You must read this book! It's great.

Should

Rada, doporučení.

should + verb
  • You should study more.
  • What should I do?
  • We shouldn't spend all our money.
  • Should I call him?
  • They should be here by now.
  • You should see a doctor.
  • People should recycle more.
  • I shouldn't drink so much coffee.
  • She should ask for help.
  • Should we wait for them?
  • Children shouldn't play on the street.
  • You should try this cake.
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Podmínkové věty (Conditionals)

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Zero Conditional

Všeobecné pravdy a zákony.

If + present simple, present simple
  • If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
  • If it rains, the grass gets wet.
  • If you freeze water, it becomes ice.
  • If I am late, my boss gets angry.
  • People die if they don't eat.
  • If babies are hungry, they cry.
  • When you press this button, the machine starts.
  • If you leave milk out, it goes bad.
  • Snakes bite if they are scared.
  • If you touch a fire, you get burned.
  • Wood floats if you drop it in water.
  • When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

First Conditional

Možná situace v budoucnosti.

If + present simple, will + verb
  • If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
  • If you study, you will pass the exam.
  • I will call you if I need help.
  • If she comes, we will go to the cinema.
  • If you don't hurry, you will miss the train.
  • We will cancel the picnic if the weather is bad.
  • If I win the race, I'll be very happy.
  • She will not forgive you if you lie to her.
  • If you eat all that chocolate, you will feel sick.
  • If he drives too fast, he will get a ticket.
  • Will she be angry if I am late?
  • If I have enough money, I will buy new shoes.

Second Conditional

Hypotetické (nepravděpodobné) situace v přítomnosti nebo budoucnosti.

If + past simple, would + verb
  • If I were rich, I would travel the world.
  • What would you do if you won the lottery?
  • If I knew her number, I would call her.
  • I would buy a big house if I had a lot of money.
  • If she lived closer, we would see her more often.
  • If he didn't smoke, he would be healthier.
  • I wouldn't do that if I were you.
  • If animals could talk, what would they say?
  • If you found a wallet in the street, would you keep it?
  • If we didn't have to work today, we could go to the beach.
  • It would be nice if the weather was better.
  • If they had more time, they would learn a new language.

Third Conditional

Nemožné situace v minulosti (změna toho, co se již stalo).

If + past perfect, would have + 3. tvar
  • If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.
  • They would have arrived on time if they hadn't missed the bus.
  • If she had warned me, I wouldn't have done it.
  • We would have bought that house if it had been cheaper.
  • If you had told me you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
  • If he hadn't driven so fast, the accident wouldn't have happened.
  • I would have called you if I had known your number.
  • If I had seen her, I would have said hello.
  • What would you have done if you had been there?
  • She would have won the race if she hadn't tripped.
  • If they had asked us, we would have helped them.
  • It wouldn't have been a problem if you had told me earlier.
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Trpný rod (Passive Voice)

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Passive Voice

Používá se, když je důležitější děj než ten, kdo ho vykonává.

be (ve správném čase) + past participle (3. tvar)
  • The book was written in 1920.
  • The car is being repaired.
  • English is spoken all over the world.
  • My bicycle was stolen yesterday.
  • This house was built by my grandfather.
  • A new supermarket is going to be built next year.
  • The room is cleaned every day.
  • Letters are delivered every morning.
  • The suspect has been arrested.
  • When was the telephone invented?
  • The documents will be signed tomorrow.
  • We weren't invited to the party.
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Členy (Articles)

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Neurčitý člen (A/An)

Pro počitatelná podstatná jména v jednotném čísle, o kterých mluvíme poprvé.

A (souhláska) / An (samohláska)
  • I have a dog.
  • She ate an apple.
  • He is a doctor.
  • Can I ask a question?
  • I need an hour to finish this.
  • It's a beautiful day.
  • She works in an office.
  • We bought a new completely red car.
  • An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
  • He wants to be an engineer.
  • I have an idea.
  • There is a fly in my soup.

Určitý člen (The)

Když mluvíme o něčem konkrétním nebo unikátním.

The + podstatné jméno
  • The sun is hot.
  • Open the door, please.
  • The dog we saw yesterday was very friendly.
  • He is the best student in our class.
  • I enjoyed the book you gave me.
  • The moon goes around the earth.
  • Can you turn off the light?
  • The capital of France is Paris.
  • I left my keys on the table.
  • The sky is blue today.
  • She is playing the piano.
  • The man in the red shirt is my brother.
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Zájmena (Pronouns)

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Osobní zájmena (Personal Pronouns)

Zastupují podstatná jména.

I, You, He, She, It, We, They | Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them
  • I saw him yesterday.
  • She told us the truth.
  • They invited me to their house.
  • We like her very much.
  • It is raining outside.
  • Can you help them?
  • He doesn't know you.
  • Give it to me, please.
  • I don't think they are coming.
  • Are you coming with us?
  • She is older than him.
  • Nobody told me about it.

Přivlastňovací zájmena (Possessive Pronouns)

Vyjadřují vlastnictví.

My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their | Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Ours, Theirs
  • This is my car.
  • The book is mine.
  • Is this your jacket?
  • No, it's not mine. It's hers.
  • Their house is bigger than ours.
  • He forgot his keys at home.
  • Every dog has its day.
  • I like his new shoes.
  • Those pens are theirs.
  • Its color is really strange.
  • Can I use your pen?
  • That problem is yours, not mine.
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Předložky (Prepositions)

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Předložky místa (At, In, On)

Vyjadřují polohu.

At (bod), In (prostor), On (povrch)
  • I am at school.
  • He is in the garden.
  • The pen is on the table.
  • There is somebody at the door.
  • She lives in London.
  • The picture hangs on the wall.
  • We met at the station.
  • Put the milk in the fridge.
  • Turn left at the traffic lights.
  • I left my phone on the desk.
  • He's sitting in the armchair.
  • Who is that man at the bus stop?

Předložky času (At, In, On)

Vyjadřují časový údaj.

At (přesný čas), In (měsíce/roky), On (dny/data)
  • At 5 o'clock.
  • In December.
  • On Monday.
  • My birthday is on the 20th of May.
  • I usually wake up at 7 AM.
  • We got married in 2015.
  • Are you going away at the weekend?
  • He likes to read in the evening.
  • I'll see you on Friday.
  • It's too cold at night.
  • Let's meet in the summer.
  • The meeting is on Wednesday afternoon.